The five steps to this framework are (1) framing the problem to identify species, populations, and assessment parameters (2) field-based measurement of the effect of the stressor on individuals (3) characterizing the location and size of the populations of interest (4) demographic modeling for those populations and (5) assessing the significance of stressor-induced changes in demographic rates. A key component of this process is using ecological information from affected animals to upscale from count-based field data on individuals to rate-based demographic inference. Here, we synthesize tools from multiple fields of study to propose an overarching, spatially explicit framework to assess population-level consequences of anthro-pogenic stressors on terrestrial wildlife. However, ongoing methodological developments can provide information to make this transition. This difficulty arises partly because of information gaps, and partly because the data on stressors are usually collected in a count-based manner (e.g., number of dead animals) that is difficult to translate into rate-based estimates important to infer population level consequences (e.g., changes in mortality or population growth rates). However, the ecological and conservation significances of these influences are difficult to predict and depend on their population-level consequences. This must include the impact of extant as well as planned wind turbines in the same region in order to be biologically meaningful. As the effect of wind turbines depends on their total number and their spatial configuration within the area inhabited by a raptor population, I emphasise the importance of making environmental impact assessments not on a case-by-case basis but rather for an entire region with all its wind power plants, which collectively exert an impact on a raptor population. Unfortunately, empirical knowledge about this relationship is scarce.
Quantitatively the results strongly depended on the parametric form of the relationship between collision risk and the distance between wind turbines and kite nest location. These negative effects can be weakened if wind turbines are aggregated in power plants. I found that population growth rates declined progressively with an increasing number of wind turbines. I predicted the fate of populations in relation to the number and spatial configuration of wind turbines. This species is a frequent collision victim at turbines and one of Europe’s sole endemic species. I addressed these two questions using an individual-based simulation model inspired by the Swiss red kite Milvus milvus population. Moreover, it is currently unknown how the spatial configuration of wind turbines in the landscape affects populations. It is much less well understood how losses due to collisions affect bird and bat populations.
It is relatively well studied how wind turbine architecture or the surrounding habitat affect the collision risk of birds and bats.
However, wind turbines are not without impact on biodiversity, rather, they can affect bird and bat populations through collision-induced mortality. The business office address is 33 Broadfield Road, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 4DR, UNITED KINGDOM.Energy production with wind turbines is increasing, because this form of energy production is CO2 neutral and renewable, and because wind power is subsidised in many countries. Red Kite Property Management Ltd is an entity registered with the Companies House, Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, United Kingdom.
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